Overview: The Two-Part Naturalization Test
As part of the U.S. naturalization process, applicants must pass two tests administered during their USCIS interview: an English language test and a civics test. Understanding what each test involves — and how to prepare — dramatically improves your chances of passing on the first attempt.
The English Language Test
The English test has three components:
- Reading: You must read one sentence in English correctly out of up to three attempts.
- Writing: You must write one sentence in English correctly out of up to three attempts.
- Speaking: Evaluated throughout the entire interview based on your answers to questions about your N-400 application.
The vocabulary used in the reading and writing portions comes from a standardized list published by USCIS, focused on civics and history topics. You can find and practice with this vocabulary list on the official USCIS website.
Exemptions from the English Test
Certain applicants may be exempt from the English requirement based on age and years of residency:
- 50/20 exception: Age 50+ and have been a permanent resident for 20+ years
- 55/15 exception: Age 55+ and have been a permanent resident for 15+ years
- Applicants with qualifying medical disabilities (file Form N-648)
The Civics Test
USCIS uses a 100-question civics question bank. During your interview, an officer will ask you up to 10 questions orally. You must answer at least 6 correctly to pass.
The Five Topic Areas Covered
- American Government – Principles of democracy, the Constitution, branches of government, and the Bill of Rights
- System of Government – Legislative, executive, and judicial branches; roles of elected officials
- Rights and Responsibilities – Rights of citizens, voting, and civic duties
- American History – Colonial period, founding documents, Civil War, and the 20th century
- Integrated Civics – Geography, symbols, and national holidays
Sample Civics Questions
| Question | Acceptable Answer(s) |
|---|---|
| What is the supreme law of the land? | The Constitution |
| How many amendments does the Constitution have? | 27 |
| What are the two major political parties in the U.S.? | Democratic and Republican |
| Who is in charge of the executive branch? | The President |
| Name one right protected by the First Amendment. | Speech, religion, assembly, press, or petition |
How to Prepare Effectively
- Download the official USCIS study materials — the 100 civics questions with answers are free on uscis.gov
- Use USCIS's free study tools including flashcards and audio recordings
- Practice answering out loud — the test is oral, not written
- Join a citizenship preparation class — many libraries and community organizations offer free classes
- Watch the USCIS civics practice video available on the USCIS YouTube channel
What Happens If You Don't Pass?
If you fail either test at your initial interview, USCIS will schedule a second interview between 60 and 90 days later. At the second interview, you are only re-tested on the portion you failed. If you fail again, your application will be denied, though you may reapply.
The Day of Your Interview: What to Bring
- Your interview appointment notice
- A valid government-issued photo ID
- Your Permanent Resident Card (Green Card)
- Your passport(s) covering the past 5 years
- Any documents related to your N-400 application
Arrive early, dress professionally, and remain calm. The civics test is the same 100-question pool you studied — there are no surprises if you've prepared thoroughly.